Sunday, July 21, 2013

Lead Poisoning

Lead poisoning is common to some extend. But whoever doing a bone marrow test to check if the patient has lead poisoning is pure dumb, For this, you only need to do a pure serum lead test, thats all. You can see cells with blue spots called the basophillic stippling. You do not need a specific stain for lead poisoning, because it will show up normal giemsa stain.
Now the pathology behind it,
BASOPHILLIC STIPPLING [you see ribisomes]
First we know in a cell ribonuclease does what? it break down ribosomes [easy, ok]. So what lead does in a cell is it denatures ribonuclease and thus ribosomes are not broken down and it persists. With this we can confirm its lead poisoning, but if your seeing RNA filaments then we are talking about reticulocytes.
Only heavy metals can deposit on the epiphysis of bone, so you can see lead deposits in a patient with lead poisoning. This is the main reason why they have failure to grow. If you mess with the epiphysis of the kids bone, he/she is not going to grow properly. We also know there is cerebral edema in patients with lead poisoning, i can explain why is that happening. We know lead, blocks ferrochetalase [enzyme in porphyrin cycle]. Also this enzyme is needed in the last step of the cycle. [If you are not sure hwat cycle i am talking , go to wikipedia and refer]. So when this last step is blocked, everything else will pile up in the system [protoporphyrin, delta-mavilyninc acid]. these compounds have increased permeability through the vessels in the brain and cause edema and are toxic to neurons.

Easy table to remember, keep in mind. : )




Anemia
Iron
TIBC
% saturation
Ferritin
Iron Deficiency Anemia
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
Anemia of Chronic Disease
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
Alpha and Beta Thalassemias
NL
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
Lead overload w/ hemochromatosis
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH

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